Rho signalling at a glance

Rho signalling at a glance.

Cells receive extracellular stimuli in the form of soluble molecules (growth factors, cytokines and hormones) that bind to cell surface receptors, adhesive interactions (extracellular matrix and cell-cell adhesion) or mechanical stresses (tension, compression and fluid shear stress). These stimuli act upon guanine-nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) to contr...

Rho activation at a glance.

Cells receive a multitude of stimuli – chemical (such as cytokines and growth factors) and physical (such as mechanical stresses or adhesion to extracellular matrix or other cells) – that influence cell function by affecting intracellular signaling pathways. Very often these stimuli involve cell surface receptors or other molecules that function through activation of the Rho family of small GTP...

Integrin signalling at a glance.

It has been brought to our attention that there is an error in the poster published in association with this article. Non-phosphorylated ICAP1 is shown to bind to the cytoplasmic tails of integrin β-subunits, whereas Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII)-mediated phosphorylation of ICAP1 is depicted as driving dissociation of ICAP1 from integrin β-tails. Although ICAP1 is indeed ...

Mitochondrial redox signalling at a glance.

The TLR and IL-1 signalling network at a glance.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the receptors for interleukin (IL)-1, IL-18 and IL-33 are required for defence against microbial pathogens but, if hyper-activated or not switched off efficiently, can cause tissue damage and inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Understanding how the checks and balances in the system are integrated to fight infection without the network operating out of control w...